The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce a wide array of extracellular signals and
regulate virtually every aspect of physiology. While GPCR signaling is essential …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Incretins are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells into the blood within
minutes after eating. One of their many physiological roles is to regulate the amount of …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane proteins that form the
largest single family of integral membrane receptors. GPCRs transduce information provided …

THE ability of a system to regulate its responsiveness in the presence of a continuous
stimulus, often termed desensitization, has been extensively characterized for the β2 …

G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute a family of six mammalian
serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound, or activated, G protein …

The trace amine para-tyramine is structurally and functionally related to the amphetamines
and the biogenic amine neurotransmitters. It is currently thought that the biological activities …

▪ Abstract G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be the most highly
favorable class of drug targets in modern pharmacology. Over 90% of nonsensory GPCRs …

GPCRs represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins and were first identified
as receptor proteins that couple via heterotrimeric G‐proteins to regulate a vast variety of …