Many of the brain's reward systems converge on the nucleus accumbens, a region richly
innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents representing the circuitry …

Objectives. Depressive symptoms are common in individuals with tinnitus and may
substantially aggravate their distress. The mechanisms, however, by which depression and …

Tinnitus, the most common auditory disorder, affects about 40 million people in the United
States alone, and its incidence is rising due to an aging population and increasing noise …

The basal ganglia are often conceptualised as three parallel domains that include all the
constituent nuclei. The 'ventral domain'appears to be critical for learning flexible behaviours …

Motivated behavior exhibits properties that change with experience and partially dissociate
among a number of brain structures. Here, we review evidence from rodent experiments …

Learning to predict threat is essential, but equally important—yet often overlooked—is
learning about the absence of threat. Here, by recording neural activity in two nucleus …

Dopamine (DA) plays an essential role in the enablement of cognition. It adds color to
experience-dependent information storage, conferring salience to the memories that result …

The ventral striatum (VS) is thought to serve as a gateway whereby associative information
from the amygdala and prefrontal regions can influence motor output to guide behavior. If VS …

Highly synchronous neuronal assembly activity is deemed essential for cognitive brain
function. In theory, such synchrony could coordinate multiple brain areas performing …

Local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the brain reflect organization thought to be
important for perception, attention, movement, and memory. In the basal ganglia, including …