The fungal infections are relatively common in humans that can range from common, mild
superficial infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Most of the pathogenic fungi are …

The immune response to Candida species is shaped by the commensal character of the
fungus. There is a crucial role for discerning between colonization and invasion at mucosal …

Fungal diseases have emerged as significant causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly
in immune-compromised individuals, prompting greater interest in understanding the …

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent knowledge on the production of
cytokines by neutrophils in vitro and in vivo—particularly molecular regulation and other …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have an extraordinary
capacity to stimulate naïve T cells and initiate primary immune responses. Here we review …

A model of Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice has been established that combines
two main features of natural transmission: low dose (100 metacyclic promastigotes) and …

Fungi can cause disease in humans, from mucocutaneous to life-threatening systemic
infections. Initiation of antifungal immunity involves fungal recognition by pattern recognition …

Interleukin (IL)-12 may be secreted as a bioactive T helper type 1 (Th1) cell–inducing
heterodimer, as a monomer, or as an antagonistic homodimer. We analyzed the IL-12 …

Immunity to infection with intracellular pathogens is regulated by interleukin 12 (IL-12),
which mediates protective T helper type 1 (TH1) responses, or IL-4, which induces TH2 cells …

Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of …