We hypothesize that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis can be divided into three
temporal phases. During the first phase,'triggers', such as viral infections or environmental …

Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of type I and type II diabetes, in which renal
glomeruli are destroyed, resulting in renal damage, proteinuria, and hypertension …

As life expectancy has increased, particularly in developed countries, due to medical
advances and increased prosperity, age-related neurological diseases and mental health …

Growing evidence has shown the beneficial influence of exercise on humans. Apart from
classic cardioprotection, numerous studies have demonstrated that different exercise …

Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.
Factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and acetylcholinesterase activity may …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disabling brain disorder. Physical exercise has
been shown to alleviate the symptoms of PD and, consequently, improve patient quality of …

Abstract Synphilin-1, a cytoplasmic protein, interacts with α-synuclein which is one of the
main constituents of Lewy bodies and plays an important role in the pathology of Parkinson's …

Aim Endurance exercise (EE) has been reported to confer neuroprotection against
Parkinson's disease (PD); however, underlying molecular mechanisms of the protection …

Objectives High-intensity exercise impairs ER functions and elevates pro-inflammatory
cytokines and neurotrophins levels. We investigated the effects of different intensity …

Background Skeletal muscle atrophy has been reported in patients with Parkinson disease
(PD). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential implication of interleukin 1 beta …