The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain
processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral …

Background A proposed mechanism of chronic pain is dysregulation between the main
inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate) neurometabolites of the central nervous system …

The relationship between pain and depression is thought to be bidirectional and the
underlying neurobiology 'shared'between the two conditions. However, these claims are …

Individual differences in pain perception are of interest in basic and clinical research as
altered pain sensitivity is both a characteristic and a risk factor for many pain conditions. It is …

Background The association between fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome is well-
established. Alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome in irritable …

Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and a putative neurotransmitter. When its
consumption exceeds its synthesis, it becomes necessary to monitor its levels. Hence, a low …

For some people, simple sensory stimuli (eg, noises, patterns) may reliably evoke intense
and aversive reactions. This is common in certain clinical groups (eg, autism) and varies …

Chronic pain is associated with long term plasticity of nociceptive pathways in the central
nervous system. Astrocytes can profoundly affect synaptic function and increasing evidence …

Purpose Multiple diverse factors contribute to musculoskeletal pain, a major cause of
physical dysfunction and health-related costs worldwide. Rapidly growing evidence …

Neural functioning and plasticity can be studied on different levels of organization and
complexity ranging from the molecular and synaptic level to neural circuitry of whole brain …