Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

Müller cells are active players in normal retinal function and in virtually all forms of retinal
injury and disease. Reactive Müller cells protect the tissue from further damage and …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …

In 1929 Drury and Szent-Györgyi published a seminal paper describing the potent actions of
adenine compounds. Some decades later, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was proposed …

The majority of neurons in the adult neocortex are produced embryonically during a brief but
intense period of neuronal proliferation. The radial glial cell, a transient embryonic cell type …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in the normal development of
the underlying neural retina, but the mechanisms by which this regulation occurs are largely …

Background Proliferative retinopathies are considered to represent maladapted retinal
wound repair processes driven by growth factor-and cytokine-induced overstimulation of …

Diabetes is known to cause significant alterations in the retinal vasculature. Indeed, diabetic
retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in those of working age. Considerable …

Extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) has been recognized as a ubiquitous,
unstable signalling molecule, acting as a fast neurotransmitter and modulator of transmitter …