Pulmonary delivery is an alternative route of administration with numerous advantages over
conventional routes of administration. It provides low enzymatic exposure, fewer systemic …

Norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that has been extensively implicated in
the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). An accumulating body of evidence …

Many current treatment options for lung inflammation and thrombosis come with unwanted
side effects. The natural omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) are generally anti-inflammatory and …

The modulation of the pharmacological action of drugs due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs)
is a critical issue in healthcare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the …

Older adults have a higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which will likely increase substantially in the coming decades owing to aging populations …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by a gradual loss of
kidney functions, usually accompanied by other comorbidities including cardiovascular …

Background The potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and drug–drug interactions
(DDIs) can significantly affect patient safety in the elderly, especially at transition of health …

The proper drug choice determines the treatment quality for a disease. The
pharmacotherapeutic strategy for respiratory diseases often involves the combination of …

Background Asthma is routinely treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Asthma patients
on ICS are at increased risk of adrenal suppression, a potentially serious effect of long‐term …

Background: This review article discusses the pharmacology of the most commonly used
chronic medications in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. The mechanism of …