When the optimal phenotype differs among environments, adaptive phenotypic plasticity can
evolve unless constraints impede such evolution. Costs and limits of plasticity have been …

Global change drivers create new environmental scenarios and selective pressures,
affecting plant species in various interacting ways. Plants respond with changes in …

Heritable variation in plant phenotypes, and thus potential for evolutionary change, can in
principle not only be caused by variation in DNA sequence, but also by underlying …

Plants show phenotypic plasticity in response to changing or extreme abiotic environments;
but over millions of years they also have co-evolved to respond to the presence of soil …

Organisms are capable of an astonishing repertoire of phenotypic responses to the
environment, and these often define important adaptive solutions to heterogeneous and …

The emergence of new techniques in plant science, including molecular and phenomic
tools, presents a novel opportunity to re-evaluate the way we examine the phenotype. Our …

Why are some traits constitutive and others inducible? The term costs often appears in work
addressing this issue but may be ambiguously defined. This review distinguishes two …

The timing of the floral transition in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is influenced by a
number of environmental signals. Here, we have focused on acceleration of flowering in …

As sessile organisms, plants are unable to seek out environmental conditions optimal for
their growth and development but instead must complete their life cycles in the environment …

Epigenetic inheritance was transmitted through selection over five generations of extreme
early, but not late flowering time phenotypic lines in Fragaria vesca. Epigenetic variation was …