Introduction In the work‐up of patients with suspected pelvic congestion syndrome,
venography is currently the gold standard. Yet if non‐invasive diagnostic tools are found to …

This Practice Guidelines document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/
0268355521999559] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders …

Pelvic congestion syndrome is one of the many causes of chronic pelvic pain and is often
diagnosed based on exclusion of other pathologies. Over the past decades, pelvic …

Objectives Previous research into pelvic venous reflux has suggested that the size of the
ovarian veins indicates the presence or absence of reflux. It is already known that vessel …

This article outlines the current best practice in the management of varicose veins.“Varicose
veins” traditionally means bulging veins, usually seen on the legs, when standing. It is now a …

Objectives Pelvic congestion syndrome is defined as chronic pelvic pain due to incompetent
(dilated and refluxing) pelvic veins. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of …

Pelvic venous pathologies in females are responsible for chronic symptoms grouped under
the term pelvic congestion syndrome, which includes chronic pelvic pain, perineal …

Objectives To assess the suitability of transvaginal duplex ultrasonography to identify
pathological reflux in the ovarian and internal iliac veins in women. Methods A retrospective …

Objective We investigated the association between the pattern and duration of pelvic venous
reflux (PVR) and pelvic pain severity in patients with pelvic varicose veins (PVVs). Methods …

Background Pelvic vein incompetence is a cause for pelvic pain and recurrent varicose
veins in women. The gold standard diagnostic method is reflux venography involving …