ABSTRACT A risk assessment of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was conducted based upon
its toxicological profile and exposure evaluation. Since 1935, BAC has been used in a wide …

In recent years, extensive research into novel forms of drug delivery has suggested that
mucosal approaches offer a promising therapeutic alternative, especially for systemically …

OBJECTIVE: Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is one of the most often used preservative in
pharmaceutical products and it is known to induce toxic effects. Hyaluronan (HA), a linear …

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) or quats are a large class of antimicrobial
chemicals used in households and institutions as sanitizers and disinfectants. These …

Background Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is added to nasal preparations to prevent
microbial contamination. Adverse effects of BAC on human nasal mucosa should be …

A new class of alkylsaccharide transmucosal delivery enhancement agents are described
that overcome the principal limitations preventing broad acceptance of intranasal …

The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic;
however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and …

OBJECTIVE: To examine how various aspects of an intranasal corticosteroid (INS)
formulation may influence the efficacy, tolerability, and patient preference and adherence to …

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged application of nasal vasoconstrictors causes rhinitis medicamentosa
(RM). Nasal obstruction is induced by rebound swelling when the decongestive effect has …

As preservatives may impair mucociliary clearance, we wanted to systematically study their
time-dependent effect on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in human nasal epithelial cells …