History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than
observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a …

Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems commonly found in bacterial genomes.
They are ancient elements that are a hot spot for genomic complexity, generating phenotypic …

As recently indiscriminate abuse of existing antibiotics in both clinical and veterinary
treatment leads to proliferation of antibiotic resistance in microbes and poses a dilemma for …

Antibiotics were one of the great discoveries of the 20th century. However, resistance
appeared even in the earliest years of the antibiotic era. Antibiotic resistance continues to …

The roles of restriction-modification (RM) systems in providing immunity against horizontal
gene transfer (HGT) and in stabilizing mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have been much …

Integrons recombine gene arrays and favor the spread of antibiotic resistance. Their broader
roles in bacterial adaptation remain mysterious, partly due to lack of computational tools. We …

Bacteria have existed on Earth for three billion years or so and have become adept at
protecting themselves against toxic chemicals. Antibiotics have been in clinical use for a little …

Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of
vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, eg …

Integrons are assembly platforms—DNA elements that acquire open reading frames
embedded in exogenous gene cassettes and convert them to functional genes by ensuring …

Integrons are genetic elements able to acquire and rearrange open reading frames (ORFs)
embedded in gene cassette units and convert them to functional genes by ensuring their …