Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways are implicated in metazoan development,
adult homeostasis and disease. TGFβ ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases …

TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways emerged with the evolution of multicellular animals,
suggesting that these pathways contribute to the increased diversity and complexity required …

In the past decade, the diversity of signals generated by the ubiquitin system has emerged
as a dominant regulator of biological processes and propagation of information in the …

How morphogen gradients are formed in target tissues is a key question for understanding
the mechanisms of morphological patterning. Here, we review different mechanisms of …

Ligands of the TGF-β superfamily (including the TGF-βs, Nodal and BMPs) play instructive
roles during embryonic development. This is achieved by regulation of genes important for …

In insects, initiation of metamorphosis requires a surge in the production of the steroid
hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone from the prothoracic gland, the primary endocrine organ of …

The transition from juvenile to adult is a fundamental process that allows animals to allocate
resource toward reproduction after completing a certain amount of growth. In insects, growth …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling pathway is conserved and
ubiquitous in animals. In Drosophila, fewer representatives of each signaling component are …

Stem cells cultured on extracellular matrix (ECM) with different stiffnesses have been shown
to engage into different lineage commitments. However, in vivo, the components of the ECM …

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines of the transforming growth factor
beta family. Some BMPs such as BMP-2, BMP-7 and BMP-9 play a major role in the bone …