Intraocular surgery, one of the most challenging discipline of microsurgery, requires sensory
and motor skills at the limits of human physiological capabilities combined with …

Microsurgical techniques have been widely utilized in various surgical specialties, such as
ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology, which require intricate and precise …

Subretinal injection is a delicate and complex microsurgery. The main surgical difficulties
come from the surgeon's hand tremor, dexterous motion, and insufficient visual feedback. In …

Retinal surgery has long drawn the attention of engineers and clinicians who identified a
clear use case for robotics and assistive technology. In retinal surgery, precision is …

In the last decade, various robotic platforms have been introduced that could support
delicate retinal surgeries. Concurrently, to provide semantic understanding of the surgical …

Notable challenges during retinal surgery lend themselves to robotic assistance, which has
proven beneficial in providing safe steady-hand manipulation. Efficient assistance from the …

The emergence of robotics could enable ophthalmic microsurgical procedures that were
previously not feasible due to the precision limits of manual delivery, for example, targeted …

The integration of robotics into retinal microsurgery leads to a reduction in surgeon
perception of tool-to-tissue interaction forces. This blunting of human tactile sensory input …

Subretinal injection is a method for gene delivery to treat genetic diseases of the
photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. A reflux-free subretinal injection is important …

After each robot end tool replacement, tool center point (TCP) calibration must be performed
to achieve precise control of the end tool. This process is also essential for robot-assisted …