Anxiety disorders constitute a sizeable worldwide health burden with profound social and
economic consequences. The symptoms are wide-ranging; from hyperarousal to difficulties …

Impulse control disorders (ICDs), such as compulsive gambling, buying, sexual, and eating
behaviors, are a serious and increasingly recognized complication in Parkinson's disease …

The brain and behavior are under energetic constraints, limited by mitochondrial energy
transformation capacity. However, the mitochondria-behavior relationship has not been …

We have seen these children—the shy and the sociable, the cautious and the daring—and
wondered what makes one avoid new experience and another avidly pursue it. At the crux of …

It is well established that the amygdala plays an essential role in Pavlovian fear
conditioning, with the lateral nucleus serving as the interface with sensory systems that …

Some regions in the mesencephalon, such as dorsal periaqueductal gray, inferior colliculus
and deep layers of superior colliculus have been grouped together as a continuos strip of …

The medial hypothalamus, amygdala, and dorsal periaqueductal gray constitute the main
neural substrates for the integration of aversive states in the brain. More recently, some …

Stepwise increases in the electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray
(dlPAG) produces alertness, then freezing and finally escape. This paper examines whether …

In midbrain tectum (MT) structures, such as the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), the
superior colliculus (SC) and the inferior colliculus (IC) GABAergic neurons exert a tonic …

Previously-reported evidence showed that freezing to a context previously associated with
footshock is impaired by lesion of the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG). It has also been …