Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Climate change has multiple effects on Baltic Sea species, communities and ecosystem
functioning through changes in physical and biogeochemical environmental characteristics …

Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and
coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of …

Location, specific topography, and hydrographic setting together with climate change and
strong anthropogenic pressure are the main factors shaping the biogeochemical functioning …

Climate-induced changes in hypoxia are among the most serious threats facing estuaries,
which are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. Future projections of estuarine …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts in coastal marine ecosystems,
particularly in shallow marginal seas, thereby making the understanding of the drivers of …

Since the early 1980ies, the shallow and brackish Baltic Sea, located in northern Europe,
has warmed fastest of all the world's coastal seas. Hence, the total heat exposure during …

This study advances the understanding of climate projection variabilities in the Nemunas
River, Curonian Lagoon, and southeastern Baltic Sea continuum by analyzing the output of …

The global proliferation of nonindigenous species remains a critical stressor driving both
biodiversity loss and socioeconomic costs. These impacts frequently depend on …

While advanced computational capabilities have enabled the development of complex
ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) for marginal seas, systematic comparisons of …