Crystal proteins (Cry) produced during the growth and sporulation phases of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium are known as delta endotoxins. These toxins are being used …

Transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) was
approved for cultivation in the European Union (EU) in 1998 to control the corn borers …

Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (fall armyworm) is considered one of the most destructive
pests of corn throughout the Americas. Although this pest has been extensively studied, little …

The study of combined effects of pesticides represents a challenge for toxicology. In the case
of the new growing generation of genetically modified (GM) plants with stacked traits …

BACKGROUND The invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), has caused
serious corn yield losses and increased the frequency of insecticide spraying on corn in …

Bt protein content in transgenic insect resistant (Bt) maize may vary between tissues within
plants and between plants growing under different environmental conditions. However, it is …

Abstract Background The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), has become
the most damaging pest in corn in south‐east Asia. Corn farmers in the Philippines have …

The majority of Bt maize production in the European Union (EU) is concentrated in northeast
Spain, which is Europe's only hotspot where resistance might evolve, and the main target …

Brazil and South Africa, countries with economies in transition, are characterized by a dual
agrarian structure co-occurring, sometimes, alongside in the same region. Large-scale …

The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, which originated in the Americas, is
advancing across China and threatening the nation's maize crops. Currently, one widely …