Melanin production from different types of phenoloxidases (POs) confers immunity from a
variety of pathogens ranging from viruses and microorganisms to parasites. The arthropod …

Melanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes
including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and …

Honey bee colony losses are triggered by interacting stress factors consistently associated
with high loads of parasites and/or pathogens. A wealth of biotic and abiotic stressors are …

Employing the clear, student-friendly style that made previous editions so popular, Insect
Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition presents an engaging and authoritative guide …

Bacillus thuringiensis is a widely used bacterial entomopathogen producing insecticidal
toxins, some of which are expressed in insect-resistant transgenic crops. Surprisingly, the …

Numerous microbial root symbionts are known to induce different levels of enhanced plant
protection against a variety of pathogens. However, more recent studies have demonstrated …

Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in
agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant …

Simple Summary Immune responses of Lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or
Bt toxins, including pattern recognition proteins, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their …

Transgenic plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting vital insect genes
have recently emerged as a valuable new tool for pest control. In this study, tobacco plants …

RNAi interference (RNAi) for insect pest control is often used to silence genes controlling
vital functions, thus generating lethal phenotypes. Here, we propose a novel approach …