The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones often develop attached to Randall's plaque
present on kidney papillary surfaces. Similar to the plaques formed during vascular …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control
precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form unique hybrid …

Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or
attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystalline and organic components and are …

Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer
enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include …

Aortic aneurysm is a vascular disease whereby the ECM (extracellular matrix) of a blood
vessel degenerates, leading to dilation and eventually vessel wall rupture. Recently, it was …

Pathological vascular wall remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes of the
vessel wall that occur in response to injury that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease …

Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. The location, density, and confluence
of calcification may change portions of the arterial conduit to a noncompliant structure …