Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria,
EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the …

An effective immune response requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen‐
derived molecules and the stimulation of an appropriate cellular response. Therefore, a …

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two etiologic agents of
cryptococcosis. They belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and can be readily distinguished …

Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It
is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) …

The production of melanin significantly enhances the virulence of many important human
pathogenic fungi. Despite fungal melanin's importance in human disease, as well as …

Melanins are ancient biological pigments found in all kingdoms of life. In fungi, their role in
microbial pathogenesis is well established; however, these complex biomolecules also …

Exosomes and other extracellular microvesicles (ExMVs) have important functions in
intercellular communication and regulation. During the course of infection, these vesicles …

Extracellular vesicle production is a ubiquitous process in Gram-negative bacteria, but little
is known about such process in Gram-positive bacteria. We report the isolation of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered much interest in the cell biology and biomedical
research fields. Many studies have reported the existence of EVs in all types of living cells …

The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by fungal organisms is considered an alternative
transport mechanism to trans‐cell wall passage of macromolecules. Previous studies have …