The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca2+) are some of the most versatile signalling molecules, and they
have many physiological functions, prominently including muscle contraction, neuronal …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen,
controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart …

Cardiac contractility is regulated by changes in intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca2+] i).
Normal function requires that [Ca2+] i be sufficiently high in systole and low in diastole …

Calcium is an important second messenger involved in intra-and extracellular signaling
cascades and plays an essential role in cell life and death decisions. The Ca 2+ signaling …

Relevant reviews highlight the association between dysfunctional mitochondria and
inflammation, but few studies address the contribution of mitochondria and mitochondria …

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the onset of diabetes. This review summarizes the
role of Vitamin D in maintaining the normal release of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells (β …

Oxidative stress has long been implicated in cardiovascular disease, but more recently, the
role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal physiological signaling has been …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)(such as occlusion of the coronary arteries, hypertensive
heart diseases and strokes) are diseases that generate thousands of patients with a high …

Acute and chronic excessive intracellular increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is
involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. ROS are by …