Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such
protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls'—namely, long-lived …

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines are about 95% effective in preventing COVID-
19 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The dynamics of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and germinal centre B …

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been
induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare …

Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures in which B cells acquire affinity-enhancing
somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells …

The protective efficacy of serum antibodies results from the interplay of antigen-specific B
cell clones of different affinities and specificities. These cellular dynamics underlie serum …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B cell
responses that continue to evolve for at least a year. During that time, memory B cells …

Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have
shown high efficacy, but immunocompromised participants were excluded from controlled …

Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal
centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary …

Feedback inhibition of humoral immunity by antibodies was first documented in 1909.
Subsequent studies showed that, depending on the context, antibodies can enhance or …