The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides
a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services …

Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened
by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and …

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests
worldwide. However, despite> 200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions and …

Drought has promoted large‐scale, insect‐induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe
consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and …

Drought affects the complex interactions between Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips
typographus and associated microorganisms. We investigated the interplay of tree water …

The European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is a serious pest of spruce forests in
Europe, and its invasion and development inside spruce tissues are facilitated by …

Climate change is altering legacies of native insect-caused disturbances and contributing to
non-native invasions globally. Many insect fitness traits are temperature dependent and …

Insects have mutualistic symbioses with a variety of microorganisms. However, the chemical
signals that maintain these insect− microbe relationships are poorly known compared to …

Global warming and more frequent climate extremes have caused bark beetle outbreaks of
unprecedented scale of these insects in many conifer forests world‐wide. Conifers that have …

Herbivorous insects, likewise, other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of
microbes from the surrounding environment. Insects and microorganisms associated with …