Emotion plays a crucial role, both in general human experience and in psychiatric illnesses.
Despite the importance of emotion, the relative lack of objective methodologies to …

The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and highly tractable genetic
model organism for understanding molecular mechanisms of human diseases. Many basic …

Animals approach stimuli that predict a pleasant outcome. After the paired presentation of an
odour and a reward, Drosophila melanogaster can develop a conditioned approach towards …

Behavioral expression of food-associated memory in fruit flies is constrained by satiety and
promoted by hunger, suggesting an influence of motivational state. Here, we identify a …

Background The neuronal circuitry underlying sleep is poorly understood. Although
dopamine (DA) is thought to play a key role in sleep/wake regulation, the identities of the …

Psychological studies in humans and behavioral studies of model organisms suggest that
forgetting is a common and biologically regulated process, but the molecular, cellular, and …

Animals acquire predictive values of sensory stimuli through reinforcement. In the brain of
Drosophila melanogaster, activation of two types of dopamine neurons in the PAM and …

Dopaminergic neurons provide reward learning signals in mammals and insects [1–4].
Recent work in Drosophila has demonstrated that water-reinforcing dopaminergic neurons …

Resource-seeking behaviours are ordinarily constrained by physiological needs and threats
of danger, and the loss of these controls is associated with pathological reward seeking …

A paired presentation of an odor and electric shock induces aversive odor memory in
Drosophila melanogaster [1, 2]. Electric shock reinforcement is mediated by dopaminergic …