Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the
climate through its transport of heat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Decadal changes in the …

GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12°
horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed and implemented …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

The energy radiated by the Earth toward space does not compensate the incoming radiation
from the Sun leading to a small positive energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (0.4 …

Argo, an international, global observational array of nearly 4,000 autonomous robotic
profiling floats, each measuring ocean temperature and salinity from 0 to 2,000 m on …

Understanding historical and projected coastal sea-level change is limited because the
impact of large-scale ocean dynamics is not well constrained. Here, we use a global set of …

Long-term changes in ocean heat content (OHC) represent a fundamental global warming
indicator and are mostly caused by anthropogenic climate-altering gas emissions. OHC …

Satellite, reanalysis, and ocean in situ data are analyzed to evaluate regional, hemispheric
and global mean trends in Earth's energy fluxes during the first 20 years of the twenty‐first …