Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in
both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from …

INTRODUCTION Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles with distinct
identities and functionalities that depend on protein composition. Correct localization of …

In eukaryotic membranes, type IV P-type adenosine triphosphatases (P4-ATPases) mediate
the translocation of phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet and maintain lipid …

Mutations in the human ATP13A2 (PARK9), a lysosomal ATPase, cause Kufor-Rakeb
Syndrome, an early-onset form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we demonstrate that …

P2-type ATPase sodium-potassium pumps (Na+/K+-ATPases) are ion-transporting enzymes
that use ATP to transport Na+ and K+ on opposite sides of the lipid bilayer against their …

The plasma membrane phospholipid distribution of animal cells is markedly asymmetric.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are concentrated in the inner …

Acidification of the gastric lumen poses a barrier to transit of potentially pathogenic bacteria
and enables activation of pepsin to complement nutrient proteolysis initiated by salivary …

ATP11C, a plasma membrane phospholipid flippase, maintains the asymmetric distribution
of phosphatidylserine accumulated in the inner leaflet. Caspase-dependent inactivation of …

Brine shrimp (Artemia) are the only animals to thrive at sodium concentrations above 4 M.
Salt excretion is powered by the Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA), a heterodimeric (αβ) pump that …