The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores
within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including …

Calcium is a major intracellular signaling messenger in innate immune cells. Similar to other
immune cell subsets, the majority of calcium entry into innate immune cells is induced by cell …

Abstract Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) is a bicomponent leukotoxin produced by 3%-
10% of clinical Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains involved in the severity of hospital and …

The small β-pore-forming α-toxin, also termed α-hemolysin or Hla is considered to be an
important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. Perforation of the plasma membrane …

Bacterial pore-forming toxins induce a rapid and massive increase in cytosolic Ca2+
concentration due to the formation of pores in the plasma membrane and/or activation of …

The pore-forming S. aureus α-toxin (Hla) contributes to virulence and disease pathogenesis.
While high concentrations of toxin induce cell death, neutrophils exhibit relative resistance to …

Combined serendipitous and rational drug-design and-retasking approaches continue to
identify many natural and synthetic substances with multipurpose therapeutic properties …

Periodontal diseases, primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, are characterised by progressive
inflammation and tissue destruction. However, they are unusual in that they are not also …

Epsilon toxin (ET) is produced by C lostridium perfringens types B and D and causes severe
neurological disorders in animals. ET has been observed binding to white matter …

Epsilon toxin (ET), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, ranks among the four
most potent poisonous substances known so far. ET-intoxication is responsible for …