Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential
constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are …

This literature review is a compilation of the composition and, in most cases, the preparation
instructions for simulated biological fluids that may be used as dissolution media in the …

In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

In up to 50% of cases, infertility issues stem solely from the male. According to some data,
the quality of human semen has deteriorated by 50%–60% over the last 40 years. A high-fat …

Mammalian sperm cells must respond to cues originating from along the female
reproductive tract and from the layers of the egg in order to complete their fertilization …

Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite
fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its …

Extensive evidence suggests that the release of membrane-enclosed compartments, more
commonly known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is a potent newly identified mechanism of …

Titratable polyanions, and more particularly polymers bearing carboxylate groups, have
been used in recent years to produce a variety of pH-sensitive colloids. These polymers …

Citation Rodríguez‐Martínez H, Kvist U, Ernerudh J, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Seminal Plasma
Proteins: What Role Do They Play? Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 11–22 …

A major puzzle in biology is how mammalian sperm maintain the correct swimming direction
during various phases of the sexual reproduction process. Whilst chemotaxis may dominate …