Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by
alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is …

Conserved signaling pathways that activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
are involved in relaying extracellular stimulations to intracellular responses. The MAPKs …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

Extensive research on the Ras proteins and their functions in cell physiology over the past
30 years has led to numerous insights that have revealed the involvement of Ras not only in …

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are members of the mitogen-
activated protein kinase super family that can mediate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The …

The RhoGDI proteins serve as key multifunctional regulators of Rho family GTP-binding
proteins. The 2.6 Å X-ray crystallographic structure of the Cdc42/RhoGDI complex reveals …

The regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is a key process for the stability and motility of
eukaryotic cells. Besides the Arp2/3 complex and its nucleation promoting factors, WH2 …

Stomata form pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and
the loss of water vapour during transpiration. An increase in the cytosolic concentration of …

Among the enzymatic post-translational modifications of peptide-based natural products are
heterocyclizations of serine, threonine, and cysteine side chains onto the preceding …

Abstract Extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), one of the best‐characterized
members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediates a range of activity …