The plant cell wall is an extracellular matrix that envelopes cells, gives them structure and
shape, constitutes the interface with symbionts, and defends plants against external biotic …

As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants
and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal …

Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use
computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule …

To survive, cells must constantly resist mechanical stress. In plants, this involves the
reinforcement of cell walls, notably through microtubule-dependent cellulose deposition …

In many plant species, pavement cell development relies on the coordinated formation of
interdigitating lobes and indentations. Polarity signaling via the activity of antagonistic Rho …

The leaf epidermis is a dynamic biomechanical shell that integrates growth across spatial
scales to influence organ morphology. Pavement cells, the fundamental unit of this tissue …

Plant cell walls constitute the extracellular matrix surrounding plant cells and are composed
mainly of polysaccharides. The chemical makeup of the primary plant cell wall, and …

Simple plant cell morphologies, such as cylindrical shoot cells, are determined by the
extensibility pattern of the primary cell wall, which is thought to be largely dominated by …

Stomata are adjustable pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the tradeoff of CO2 uptake with
water vapor loss, thus having critical roles in controlling photosynthetic carbon gain and …

In vascular plants, the epidermal surfaces of leaves and flower petals often display cells with
wavy geometries forming intricate jigsaw puzzle patterns. The prevalence and diversity of …