Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions,
seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The …

The recent approval of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-
2 pandemic highlights the potential of both conventional mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection induces mitophagy, which is essential for the clearance of
damaged mitochondria. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be selectively targeted by PINK1 …

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) contains antigenic sites recognized by the host immune
system, cleavage sites cleaved by host proteases, receptor binding sites attaching to sialyl …

Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein superfamily members are emerging as important effectors of
the innate immune response against viral infections. In particular, TRIM22 was reported to …

PB1-F2 is a 90 amino acid protein that is expressed from the+ 1 open reading frame in the
PB1 gene of some influenza A viruses and has been shown to contribute to viral …

Secondary bacterial infections are a leading cause of illness and death during epidemic and
pandemic influenza. Experimental studies suggest a lethal synergism between influenza …

Influenza is often complicated by bacterial pathogens that colonize the nasopharynx and
invade the middle ear and/or lung epithelium. Incidence and pathogenicity of influenza …

The PB1-F2 protein of influenza A virus can contribute to viral pathogenesis of influenza
virus strains. Of note, an N66S amino acid mutation in PB1-F2 has been shown to increase …