Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life‐threating inflammatory disease of
gastroenteric tissue characterized by episodes of intestinal inflammation. The pathogenesis …

Gut microbiota has a fundamental role in the energy homeostasis of the host and is essential
for proper “education” of the immune system. Intestinal microbial communities are able to …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
The exact cause of IBD remains unknown. Available evidence suggests that an abnormal …

CD8+ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a
complex multifactorial chronic disease. Here, we present an overview of the current research …

A lack of regulatory T (TReg) cells that express CD4, CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)
results in severe autoimmunity in both mice and humans. Since the discovery of TReg cells …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to the maintenance of self-tolerance and tissue
homeostasis. Markers commonly used to define human Tregs in the research setting include …

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate
amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, including the gastrointestinal tract. While this …

Summary Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) exerts many biological functions essential for the
maintenance and function of multiple cell types. Although its expression is tightly regulated …

The human gut relies on several cellular and molecular mechanisms to allow for an intact
and dynamical intestinal barrier. Normally, only small amounts of luminal content pass the …

Macrophages in the gastrointestinal mucosa represent the largest pool of tissue
macrophages in the body. In order to maintain mucosal homeostasis, resident intestinal …