A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily
focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

Benthic–pelagic coupling is manifested as the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients
between benthic and pelagic habitats. It plays a prominent role in aquatic ecosystems, and it …

Extensive development and construction in marine and coastal systems is driving a
phenomenon known as “ocean sprawl”. Ocean sprawl removes or transforms marine …

Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing
acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food …

Diverse biological communities mediate the transformation, transport, and storage of
elements fundamental to life on Earth, including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. However …

Untangling causal links and feedbacks among biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and
environmental factors is challenging due to their complex and context-dependent …

Under globally accelerating rates of ecosystem degradation, maintaining ecosystem function
is a priority to avoid loss of valuable ecosystem services. Two factors are important: changes …

There is an increasing demand for environmental assessments of the marine environment to
include ecosystem function. However, existing schemes are predominantly based on …

The coastal zone of the Baltic Sea is diverse with strong regional differences in the physico-
chemical setting. This diversity is also reflected in the importance of different biogeochemical …