Publisher Summary The chapter introduces the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
(MAPK) module. The identification of MAP kinase pathways exemplifies the power of …

The extracellular-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved,
ubiquitous serine–threonine kinases that are involved in regulating cellular signaling in both …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade that integrates an extreme variety of extracellular
stimuli into key biological responses controlling cell proliferation, differentiation or death is …

The duration of intracellular signalling is associated with distinct biological responses, but
how cells interpret differences in signal duration are unknown. We show that the immediate …

Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors 1 (PARs) are membrane-spanning
cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining …

The propagation of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells depends on signals
transduced through the cytokine receptor subunit gp130. Signalling molecules activated …

Although serine proteases are usually considered to act principally as degradative enzymes,
certain proteases are signaling molecules that specifically regulate cells by cleaving and …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (p42mapk and p44mapk) are serine/threonine kinases
that are activated rapidly in cells stimulated with various extracellular signals. This activation …

Proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and tissue kallikreins are now known to regulate cell
signaling by cleaving and activating a novel family of G‐protein‐coupled proteinase …

ERK MAP kinase signaling plays a pivotal role in diverse cellular functions, including cell
proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. One of the central questions concerning …