Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been
recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well …

Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation, landscape and surface or groundwater
replenishment purposes is being widely implemented. Although the reuse practice is …

This paper reviews current information on the chronic aquatic toxicity of human
pharmaceuticals and how it should be measured. Chronic toxicity tests with Cyanobacteria …

Widespread detection of human pharmaceuticals in the environment, ranging between ng/L
and mg/L levels in surface waters and effluents and ng/kg to mg/kg levels in aquatic and …

The EU-funded project IDEA aimed to evaluate (a) what parameters and endpoints allow the
detection of endocrine-mediated developmental and reproductive effects of (xeno) …

17α-Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen widely used in combination with other
steroid hormones in oral contraceptives and in the contraceptive patch. EE2 has been …

Pharmaceuticals are continuously discharged into the environment, resulting in the chronic
exposure of aquatic organisms to these compounds. In this multigenerational study, we …

Potential risks associated with releases of human pharmaceuticals into the environment
have become an increasingly important issue in environmental health. This concern has …

Estrogens, such as the 17β-estradiol (E2) and the 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), have been
regarded as a global threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their pseudo-persistence, their …

As a result of endocrine disruptor studies, there are numerous examples of male related
reproductive abnormalities observed in vertebrates. Contrastingly, within the invertebrates …