Neurodegenerative diseases are typically late-onset, progressive disorders that affect neural
function and integrity. Although most attention has been focused on the genetic …

The non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) occur in roughly 90% of
patients, have a profound negative impact on their quality of life, and often go undiagnosed …

Pitx3 is a critical homeodomain transcription factor for the proper development and survival
of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons in mammals. Several variants of this …

In toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease (PD), striatal projection neurons (SPNs)
exhibit dendritic atrophy and spine loss concurrent with an increase in excitability. Chronic l …

The expression, processing, transport and activities of both coding and non-coding RNAs
play critical roles in normal neuronal function and differentiation. Over the past decade …

Abstract LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) proteins are evolutionary conserved developmental
transcription factors. LIM-HD Lmx1a and Lmx1b orchestrate complex temporal and spatial …

The relative role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's
disease (PD) has been the matter of investigation and debate, especially in the last 30 …

MicroRNAs are small RNA sequences that negatively regulate gene expression by binding
to the 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs. MiR‐133b has been implicated in Parkinson's …

Background and purpose: The preferential degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA)
neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the pathological hallmark in Parkinson's …

Recent studies suggest a variety of factors characterize substantia nigra neurons vulnerable
to Parkinson's disease, including the transcription factors pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3) and …