This article reviews the progress of atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum, starting
with its invention and covering most of the recent developments. Today, dynamic force …

In this report we review the fundamentals, applications and future tendencies of dynamic
atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. Our focus is on understanding why the changes …

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was introduced in 1986 and has since made its way into
surface science, nanoscience, chemistry, biology, and material science as an imaging and …

Atomic force microscopy is an amazing technique that allies a versatile methodology (that
allows measurement of samples in liquid, vacuum or air) to imaging with unprecedented …

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and
received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM) …

Semiconductor electronics is commonplace in every household. Semiconductor devices
have enabled economically reasonable fiber-based optical communication, optical storage …

We have developed a method referred to as three-dimensional scanning force microscopy
(3D-SFM) which enables us to visualize water distribution at a solid-liquid interface with an …

The atomic force microscope (AFM) has a unique capability of allowing the high-resolution
imaging of biological samples on substratum surfaces in physiological solutions. Recent …

Manipulation of individual atoms and molecules by scanning probe microscopy offers the
ability of controlled assembly at the single-atom scale. However, the driving forces behind …

Significant progress has been made both in experimentation and in theoretical modeling of
scanning probe microscopy. The theoretical models used to analyze and interpret …