The brain is a highly energy-demanding organ and requires bioenergetic adaptability to
balance normal activity with pathophysiological fuelling of spontaneous recurrent seizures …

A large body of published work shows that proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) magnetic resonance
(MR) spectroscopy has evolved from a research tool into a clinical neuroimaging modality …

The study of bacterial ion channels has provided fundamental insights into the structural
basis of neuronal signalling; however, the native role of ion channels in bacteria has …

Our understanding of the roles that the amino acids glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln)
play in the mammalian central nervous system has increased rapidly in recent times. Many …

Hypometabolism, characterized by decreased brain glucose consumption, is a common
feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Initial hypometabolic brain state, created by …

Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat epilepsy for 100 years. It is a high-fat, low-
carbohydrate, and sufficient-protein-for-growth diet that mimics the metabolic changes …

Many studies show that glucose metabolism in epileptic brain areas can be impaired.
Energy is crucial to maintain normal brain function, including ion and neurotransmitter …

In the last 25 years, 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for the
measurement of glutamate neurotransmission and cell‐specific neuroenergetics. Although …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for developing pharmaco-resistant epilepsy.
Although disruptions in brain circuitry are associated with TBI, the precise mechanisms by …

Copper is an essential metal present at high levels in the CNS. Its role as a cofactor in
mitochondrial ATP production and in essential cuproenzymes is well defined. Menkes and …