Foraging theory prescribes when optimal foragers should leave the current option for more
rewarding alternatives. Actual foragers often exploit options longer than prescribed by the …

Individuals differ in their traits and preferences, which shape their interactions, their
prospects for survival and their susceptibility to diseases. These correlations are well …

Background Intense academic pressure and unhealthy competition have turned the
university entrance exam scenario in Bangladesh into a Pandora's Box, which might cause …

Cigarette smoke withdrawal can cause anxiety-like behavior and modulate neurotransmitter-
related proteins in the brain. We examined the effects of cigarette smoke with and without …

Background Long-term smoking is a risk factor for chronic pain, and chronic nicotine
exposure induces pain-like effects in rodents. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been …

Nicotine intake is likely to result from a balance between the rewarding and aversive
properties of the drug, yet the individual differences in neural activity that control aversion to …

Background The incidence of depression among employees has gradually risen. Previous
studies have focused on predicting the risk of depression, but most studies were conducted …

Addiction is marked by a tendency to exploit sources of reward despite diminishing returns.
This behavior is aptly captured by animal patch-foraging models that have recently been …

Background Cigarette smoking is commonly reported among chronic pain patients in the
clinic. Although chronic nicotine exposure is directly linked to nociceptive hypersensitivity in …

The neural mechanisms by which animals initiate goal-directed actions, choose between
options, or explore opportunities remain unknown. Here, we develop a spatial gambling task …