Precise time synchronization becomes a vital constituent due to the rigorous needs of
several time-sensitive applications. The clock synchronization protocol is one of the …

In this paper, a fuzzy fault tree analysis technique for reliability evaluation of the wind energy
system is presented. The technique combines the operational failures effect and the errors in …

Accurate timing is often required for the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) used in
transmission substations. A common method of achieving this is direct connection of a …

This article presents a unit protection scheme for bipolar dc microgrids, which is resilient to
cyber attacks. The proposed method uses current measurement of both ends of the …

Line current differential relays (LCDRs) detect faults accurately and promptly, by comparing
all currents flowing into the line. This type of relay has been identified in the literature as a …

Accurate timestamping with 1 µs precision is required by power system monitoring and
control equipment, including: Phase Measurement Units (PMUs) for real-time measurement …

Half-bridge modular multilevel converters (HBMMCs) are widely applied in modern DC
grids, where converter substations have a cyber-physical structure similar to that of a typical …

For those protective relays highly dependent on common centralized timing synchronization,
the threat of loss of data synchronism, eg, due to cyber-attack, cannot be ignored. In this …

Differential current protection has been a reliable approach for line protection in DC
systems. However, due to its dependence on communication for terminal current …

In this paper, the effect of time synchronization error on protection algorithms are studied for
the usage of the LAN-based collaborative protection. In order to derive the effect of time …