The ocean has absorbed 25±2% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the early
1960s to the late 2010s, with rates more than tripling over this period and with a mean …

The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon that it continually exchanges with the atmosphere
through the air-sea interface. Because of its enormous size and relatively rapid exchange of …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating global climate as a major sink for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and in global ocean biogeochemistry by supplying …

The Southern Ocean plays an important role in determining atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2), yet estimates of air-sea CO2 flux for the region diverge widely. In this study, we …

Ocean acidification is likely to impact marine ecosystems and human societies adversely
and is a carbon cycle issue of great concern. Projecting the degree of ocean acidification …

Climate change is expected to elicit widespread alterations to nutrient and light supply,
which interact to influence phytoplankton growth and their seasonal cycles. Using 25 years …