Replicated international studies have underscored the human and societal costs associated
with major depressive disorder. Despite the proven efficacy of monoamine-based …

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and a leading cause of
disability. While there continues to be expansive research in posttraumatic stress disorder …

Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and subanesthetic intravenous ketamine are
both currently used for treatment-resistant major depression, but the comparative …

Abstract Treatment resistance affects 20–60% of patients with psychiatric disorders; and is
associated with increased healthcare burden and costs up to ten-fold higher relative to …

Background Ketamine appears to have a therapeutic role in certain mental disorders, most
notably depression. However, the comparative performance of different formulations of …

Abstract (R, S)-ketamine elicits rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant actions in
treatment-resistant patients with depression.(R)-ketamine produces longer-lasting …

Introduction: There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as
psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat several mental health disorders, with a growing …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Importance Controlled studies have shown short-term efficacy of esketamine for treatment-
resistant depression (TRD), but long-term effects remain to be established. Objective To …