Chronic, pathological pain remains a global health problem and a challenge to basic and
clinical sciences. A major obstacle to preventing, treating, or reverting chronic pain has been …

Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …

Recent data have emphasized the neurochemically distinct nature of subterritories in the
accumbens part of the rat ventral striatum termed the core, shell, and rostral pole. In order to …

Whether sensory nerve can sense bone density or metabolic activity to control bone
homeostasis is unknown. Here we found prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by osteoblastic …

An increasing body of neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of the brain suggest
that the insular cortex (IC) integrates multimodal salient information ranging from sensation …

▪ Abstract The overall organization of the peripheral autonomic nervous system has been
known for many decades, but the mechanisms by which it is controlled by the central …

Despite the fact that many research articles have been written about stress and stress-
related diseases, no scientifically accepted definition of stress exists. Selye introduced and …