Exposure of animals/biological samples to human‑made electromagnetic fields (EMFs),
especially in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band, and the microwave/radio frequency …

Water drives the spontaneous self-assembly of lipids and proteins into quasi two-
dimensional biological membranes that act as catalytic scaffolds for numerous processes …

In neurosecretion, allosteric communication between voltage sensors and Ca2+ binding in
BK channels is crucially involved in damping excitatory stimuli. Nevertheless, the voltage …

Conformational changes in voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) are driven by the
transmembrane electric field acting on the protein charges. Yet, the overall energetics and …

The S4 segment of voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) directly responds to voltage changes
by reorienting within the electric field as a permion. A narrow hydrophobic “gasket” or charge …

Skeletal muscle contractions are initiated by action potentials, which are sensed by the
voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1. 1) and are conformationally coupled to calcium …

Live imaging of primary neural cells is crucial for monitoring neuronal activity, especially
multiscale and multifunctional imaging that offers excellent biocompatibility. Multiscale …

Thousands of voltage-gated sodium (Na v) channel variants contribute to a variety of
disorders, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and pain disorders. Yet, the effects of more …

The ability to sense transmembrane voltage underlies most physiological roles of voltage-
gated sodium (Nav) channels. Whereas the key role of their voltage-sensing domains …

Owing to recent advancements in cryo-electron microscopy, voltage-gated ion channels
have gained a greater comprehension of their structural characteristics. However, a …