Macrophages, circulating in the blood or concatenated into different organs and tissues
constitute the first barrier against any disease. They are foremost controllers of both innate …

As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both
inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, functioning as
pattern recognition receptors that recognise a wide range of microbial pathogens. TLRs …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals that initiate innate immune responses to pathogens must be
tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammatory damage to the host. The adaptor protein …

Inflammation is an evolutionarily conserved host reaction that is initiated in response to
trauma, tissue damage and infection. It leads to changes in tissue homeostasis and blood …

TLRs activate immune responses by sensing microbial structures such as bacterial LPS,
viral RNA, and endogenous “danger” molecules released by damaged host cells. MyD88 is …

Induction of type I IFNs is a fundamental cellular response to both viral and bacterial
infection. The role of the transcription factor IRF3 is well established in driving this process …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is subjected to crosstalk from other signals, with a resulting
positive or negative effect. There is complex crosstalk between the NLR family of immune …