Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Background The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and
regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Molecular insights into the mechanism of beneficial and adverse effects of interleukin-2 (IL-
2) have resulted in the development of improved IL-2 formulations with IL-2 receptor bias …

The therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-2 in cancer treatment has been known for
decades, yet its widespread adoption in clinical practice remains limited. Recently, chimeric …

Over the past few decades, the complexity of molecular entities being advanced for
therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the …

Immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy with BRAF
and MEK inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma over the past decade …

Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses that can modulate the antitumor activity
of immune cells. Cytokines have been explored as a promising cancer immunotherapy …

Immune checkpoint-inhibitor combinations are the best therapeutic option for advanced
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but improvements in efficacy are needed to …

High-dose recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2, aldesleukin) emerged as an important treatment
option for selected patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma …