Kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system,
where they modulate a range of physiological processes depending on their location …

Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with
modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for …

Medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has an extensive history and it was essential in the
discovery of phytocannabinoids, including the Cannabis major psychoactive compound—Δ9 …

Between 2000 and 2005 several studies revealed that morphine is more potent and exhibits
fewer side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice. These findings spurred efforts to develop …

Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is
achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global public health concern that affects millions of
people worldwide. Considering current research, addiction has been noted as the last stage …

The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has recently emerged as an alternative therapeutic target for
the development of pain medications, without deleterious side effects associated with the μ …

Exposure to stressful stimuli activates kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling, a process
known to produce aversion and dysphoria in humans and other species. This endogenous …

One of the main challenges in contemporary medicinal chemistry is the development of safer
analgesics, used in the treatment of pain. Currently, moderate to severe pain is still treated …

Biased ligands preferentially activate certain signaling pathways downstream of their target
receptor, leading to differential physiological or behavioral responses downstream. The …