BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with
iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem
fiber (both the plant and the fiber termed “hemp”) and a resinous intoxicant (the plant and its …

The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates
that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often …

INTRODUCTION Vocal learning, the ability to imitate sounds, is a trait that has undergone
convergent evolution in several lineages of birds and mammals, including song-learning …

Cis-regulatory sequences, such as enhancers and promoters, control development and
physiology by regulating gene expression. Mutations that affect the function of these …

The wide variety of animal behaviours that can be observed today arose through the
evolution of their underlying neural circuits. Advances in understanding the mechanisms …

An enduring question in evolutionary biology concerns the degree to which episodes of
convergent trait evolution depend on the same genetic programs, particularly over long …

Convergent evolution of similar phenotypic features in similar environmental contexts has
long been taken as evidence of adaptation. Nonetheless, recent conceptual and empirical …