Earth's Van Allen radiation belts: From discovery to the Van Allen Probes era

W Li, MK Hudson - Journal of Geophysical Research: Space …, 2019 - Wiley Online Library
Discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts by instruments flown on Explorer 1 in 1958
was the first major discovery of the Space Age. The observation of distinct inner and outer …

The magnetic electron ion spectrometer: A review of on-orbit sensor performance, data, operations, and science

SG Claudepierre, JB Blake, AJ Boyd… - Space Science …, 2021 - Springer
Measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the
dynamics of Earth's geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen …

Source and seed populations for relativistic electrons: Their roles in radiation belt changes

AN Jaynes, DN Baker, HJ Singer… - Journal of …, 2015 - Wiley Online Library
Strong enhancements of outer Van Allen belt electrons have been shown to have a clear
dependence on solar wind speed and on the duration of southward interplanetary magnetic …

Energy‐dependent dynamics of keV to MeV electrons in the inner zone, outer zone, and slot regions

GD Reeves, RHW Friedel, BA Larsen… - Journal of …, 2016 - Wiley Online Library
We present observations of the radiation belts from the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron and
Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer particle detectors on the Van Allen Probes satellites that …

Explaining the dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt

IR Mann, LG Ozeke, KR Murphy, SG Claudepierre… - Nature Physics, 2016 - nature.com
Since the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts over 50 years ago, an explanation for
their complete dynamics has remained elusive. Especially challenging is understanding the …

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

BT Tsurutani, GS Lakhina, R Hajra - Nonlinear Processes in …, 2020 - npg.copernicus.org
Major geomagnetic storms are caused by unusually intense solar wind southward magnetic
fields that impinge upon the Earth's magnetosphere (Dungey, 1961). How can we predict the …

What causes radiation belt enhancements: A survey of the Van Allen Probes era

AJ Boyd, DL Turner, GD Reeves… - Geophysical …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
We survey radiation belt enhancement events during the Van Allen Probes era to determine
what mechanism is the dominant cause of enhancements and where it is most effective. Two …

Electron lifetimes and diffusion rates inferred from ELFIN measurements at low altitude: First results

D Mourenas, AV Artemyev, XJ Zhang… - Journal of …, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
In the radiation belts, energetic and relativistic electron precipitation into the atmosphere is
expected to be mainly controlled over the long term by quasilinear pitch‐angle scattering by …

Quantitative evaluation of radial diffusion and local acceleration processes during GEM challenge events

Q Ma, W Li, J Bortnik, RM Thorne, X Chu… - Journal of …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
We simulate the radiation belt electron flux enhancements during selected Geospace
Environment Modeling (GEM) challenge events to quantitatively compare the major …

The global statistical response of the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms

KR Murphy, CEJ Watt, IR Mann… - Geophysical …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
Using the total radiation belt electron content calculated from Van Allen Probe phase space
density, the time‐dependent and global response of the outer radiation belt during storms is …