Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells, functioning as precursors to a variety
of cell types including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Between osteogenic and …

The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone
(TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the …

Cell signaling plays a key role in the development of all multicellular organisms. Numerous
studies have established the importance of Hedgehog signaling in a wide variety of …

Abstract Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling cascade is one of the intricate signal transduction
mechanisms that govern the precisely regulated developmental processes of multicellular …

Terminal deletions of chromosome 10p result in a DiGeorge-like phenotype that includes
hypoparathyroidism, heart defects, immune deficiency, deafness and renal malformations …

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex brain malformation resulting from incomplete
cleavage of the prosencephalon, occurring between the 18th and the 28th day of gestation …

Tooth agenesis or hypodontia, failure to develop all normally developing teeth, is one of the
most common developmental anomalies in man. Common forms, including third molar …

In the hedgehog signaling network, mutations result in various phenotypes, including,
among others, holoprosencephaly, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Pallister‐Hall …

Embryogenesis is regulated by a number of complex signaling cascades, which are critical
for normal development. One such pathway begins with a secreted protein called “SONIC …

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common structural defect of the developing forebrain
in humans (1 in 250 conceptuses, 1 in 16,000 live-born infants 1, 2, 3). HPE is aetiologically …