The utilization of seawater for drinking purposes is limited by the high specific energy
consumption (SEC)(kW-h/m 3) of present desalination technologies; both thermal and …

High specific energy consumption (SEC) is the main barrier for the expansion of seawater
reverse osmosis (SWRO). Therefore, the main objective of current SWRO research is to …

Membrane-based technologies are recently being considered as effective methods for
conventional water and wastewater remediation processes to achieve the increasing …

Further reduction in energy consumption is an attractive prospect for both well-established
technologies such as reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, and for emerging desalination …

Rapid population growth and industrial development have propelled water resources to the
forefront of challenges facing modern societies. While water covers about two thirds of the …

Access to clean or potable water will continue to be a global challenge in as much as
sustainable solutions are far-fetched. It has become imperative to improve the efficiency of …

Seawater is receiving consideration as an infinite water source in the current era of water
shortage. The application of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) to prepare seawater for …

Salinity gradient energy is currently attracting growing attention among the scientific
community as a renewable energy source. In particular, Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) is …

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a pressure driven membrane process which has been widely
applied and recognized as the leading technology of desalination process. Improvement in …

The enormous potential of harvesting energy from salinity gradients has been discussed for
decades, and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is being increasingly investigated as a …